Conceptual Framework: [INSERT IMAGE OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK HERE] Explanation: 1. Independent Variables: a) Cognitive Engagement: This variable refers to students' cognitive involvement, self-regulation, and commitment to academic tasks. b) Emotional Engagement: This variable represents students' affective responses, passion, and liking for school activities. c) Deep Approach to Learning: This variable indicates students' tendency to focus on understanding learning content deeply. d) Surface Approach to Learning: This variable reflects students' tendency to focus on completing learning tasks without deep understanding. 2. Mediating Variables: a) Self-Efficacy: This variable, derived from social cognitive theory, represents students' belief in their ability to perform academic tasks effectively. b) Outcome Expectation: This variable, also from SCT, represents students' beliefs about the outcomes of their academic efforts and actions. 3. Dependent Variable: Academic Achievement: This variable represents students' performance in academic assessments, such as exams and grades. 4. Relationships: a) Cognitive engagement and emotional engagement are hypothesised to influence self-efficacy and outcome expectations, which in turn affect academic achievement. b) The deep approach to learning and the surface approach to learning are hypothesised to directly influence academic achievement, with potential mediation through self-efficacy and outcome expectations. c) Emotional engagement is expected to influence academic achievement both directly and indirectly through its effects on self-efficacy and outcome expectations. d) Self-efficacy and outcome expectations are proposed as mediators between cognitive engagement, emotional engagement, learning approaches, and academic achievement. using the above , generate a conceptual framework | Synthwave